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Cooperation and Lack Thereof

Humans are empathic with partners in a cooperative setting, but “counter-empathic” with competitors….

So, human empathy can be turned into something rather unattractive if the other’s welfare is not in our interest.

Our reactions are far from indiscriminate, exactly as one would expect if our psychology evolved to promote within-group cooperation.

We are biased toward those with whom we expect to have a positive partnership.

De Waal. Age of Empathy.